Análise do conhecimento da escala de coma de glasgow em acadêmicos de enfermagem cursando o último e penúltimo semestres / Analysis of knowledge of the glasgowcoma scale in nursing students in their last and penultimate semesters / Análisis del conocimiento de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow en estudiantes de enfermería del último y penúltimo semestre

Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento da Escala de Coma de Glasgow em acadêmicos de enfermagem cursando o último e penúltimo semestres do Centro Universitário Planalto do Distrito Federal Campus Águas Claras.Método: Este estudo utilizou-se abordagem quantitativa com o método descritivo, utilizando para coleta de dados um questionário com seis questões objetivas.Resultado: A pesquisa realizada com uma amostra de 20 acadêmicos de enfermagem, evidenciou que 80% demonstraram saber o que é avaliado na escala, porém constatou-se que apenas 20% entendem como utilizar de forma correta a escala de coma de Glasgow.Conclusão: a maioria dos acadêmicospossui conhecimento teórico sobre a Escala de Coma de Glasgow, entretanto possuem déficit na aplicação da escala

Objective:to analyze the knowledge of the Glasgow Coma Scale in nursing students in the last and penultimate semesters of Centro Universitário Planalto do Distrito Federal Campus Águas Claras. Method:This study used a quantitative approach with the descriptive method, using a questionnaire with six objective questions for data collection. Results:The research carried out with a sample of 20 nursing students showed that 80% demonstrated that they know what is evaluated on the scale, but it was found that only 20% understand how to correctly use the Glasgow Coma Scale. Conclusion:most students have theoretical knowledge about the Glasgow Coma Scale, but they have deficits in the application of the scale.

Objetivo:Analizar el conocimiento de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow en estudiantes de enfermería que cursan el último y penúltimo semestre del Centro Universitario Planalto del Distrito Federal Campus Águas Claras. Método:Este estudio utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo con el método descriptivo, utilizando un cuestionario con seis preguntas objetivas para la recolección de datos. Resultados:La investigación realizada con una muestra de 20 estudiantes de enfermería mostró que el 80% demostró saber lo que se evalúa en la escala, pero se encontró que solo el 20% entiende cómo utilizar correctamente la Escala de Coma de Glasgow. Conclusión:la mayoría de los estudiantes tienen conocimientos teóricos sobre la Escala de Coma de Glasgow, pero tienen déficits en la aplicación de la escala.

Puntajes I / Scores I

El Comité Editorial quiere brindar a sus lectores una actualización de las escalas de uso corriente. El empleo de tablas y escalas es una práctica muy extendida en la Ortopedia y Traumatología. La medición y la cuantificación de los aspectos clínicos, funcionales y radiográficos se convirtieron en una herramienta imprescindible para la toma de decisiones en diferentes aspectos de la actividad asistencial. Llevamos a cabo una revisión de las escalas más utilizadas, definiendo su uso e incluyendo bibliografía original y actualizada. Nivel de Evidencia: V

The Editorial Committee wants to provide its readers with an update on the commonly used scales. The use of tables and scales is a widespread practice in Orthopedics and Traumatology. The measurement and quantification of clinical, functional, and radiographic aspects have become an essential tool for decision-making in different aspects of healthcare activity. We carry out a review of the most used scales, defining their use and including original and updated literature. Level of Evidence: V

Knowledge and Practice about Glasgow Coma Scale Assessment among Nurses Working in Adult Intensive Care Units of Federal Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

The Glasgow Coma Scale is a dependable and objective neurological assessment instrument used for determining and recording a patient's level of consciousness. Therefore, the knowledge, practice, and factors affecting Glasgow coma scale evaluation among nurses working in adult intensive care units of federally administered hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were investigated. METHODS: From April 4 to 24, 2020, 121 Adult Intensive Care Unit nurses at Ethiopian federal hospitals participated in an institutional-based cross-sectional survey with a standardized selfadministered questionnaire. The information was entered into Epidata version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 25.0 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the relationships between independent and dependent variables. RESULT: According to this study, nurses working in the Adult Intensive Care Unit of federal hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, had poor knowledge (51.2%) and poor practice (62%) of the Glasgow Coma Scale's basic theoretical notions and competencies. Furthermore, the education and gender of nurses were linked to their level of knowledge and clinical practice. Being a male and having a master's degree were both significantly linked with knowledge (AOR = 4.13, 95% CI: (1.87­9.1)), (AOR=7.4, 95% CI: (1.4-38)) and practice (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: (1.2­6)), (AOR = 10.4, 95% CI: (2.0­53)) respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study showed that nurses had poor knowledge and application of practice-related clinical scenarios on the Glasgow Coma Scale

Identificação da velocidade anormal da dilatação de pupila como biomarcador de lesão cerebral em pacientes neurocríticos / Identification of abnormal pupil dilation velocity as a biomarker of cerebral injury in neurocritically ill patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Calcular as velocidades médias da dilatação de pupila para classificar a gravidade da lesão derivada da escala de coma de Glasgow, estratificada por variáveis de confusão. Métodos: Neste estudo, analisaram-se 68.813 exames das pupilas para determinar a velocidade normal de dilatação em 3.595 pacientes com lesão cerebral leve (13 - 15), moderada (9 - 12) ou grave (3 - 8), segundo a escala de coma de Glasgow. As variáveis idade, sexo, raça, tamanho da pupila, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, pressão intracraniana, uso de narcóticos, classificação pela escala de coma de Glasgow e diagnóstico foram consideradas confundidoras e controladas para análise estatística. Empregou-se regressão logística com base em algoritmo de classificação com aprendizado de máquina para identificar os pontos de corte da velocidade de dilatação para as categorias segundo a escala de coma de Glasgow. Resultados: As razões de chance e os intervalos de confiança desses fatores se mostraram estatisticamente significantes em sua influência sobre a velocidade de dilatação. A classificação com base na área sob a curva mostrou que, para o grau leve, na escala de coma de Glasgow, o limite da velocidade de dilatação foi de 1,2mm/s, com taxas de falsa probabilidade de 0,1602 e 0,1902 e áreas sob a curva de 0,8380 e 0,8080, respectivamente, para os olhos esquerdo e direito. Para grau moderado na escala de coma de Glasgow, a velocidade de dilatação foi de 1,1mm/s com taxas de falsa probabilidade de 0,1880 e 0,1940 e áreas sob a curva de 0,8120 e 0,8060, respectivamente, nos olhos esquerdo e direito. Mais ainda, para o grau grave na escala de coma de Glasgow, a velocidade de dilatação foi de 0,9mm/s, com taxas de falsa probabilidade de 0,1980 e 0,2060 e áreas sob a curva de 0,8020 e 0,7940, respectivamente, nos olhos esquerdo e direito. Esses valores foram diferentes dos métodos prévios de descrição subjetiva e das velocidades de dilatação previamente estimadas. Conclusão: Observaram-se velocidades mais lentas de dilatação pupilar em pacientes com escores mais baixos na escala de coma de Glasgow, indicando que diminuição da velocidade pode indicar grau mais grave de lesão neuronal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To calculate mean dilation velocities for Glasgow coma scale-derived injury severity classifications stratified by multiple confounding variables. Methods: In this study, we examined 68,813 pupil readings from 3,595 patients to determine normal dilation velocity with brain injury categorized based upon a Glasgow coma scale as mild (13 - 15), moderate (9 - 12), or severe (3 - 8). The variables age, sex, race, pupil size, intensive care unit length of stay, intracranial pressure, use of narcotics, Glasgow coma scale, and diagnosis were considered as confounding and controlled for in statistical analysis. Machine learning classification algorithm-based logistic regression was employed to identify dilation velocity cutoffs for Glasgow coma scale categories. Results: The odds ratios and confidence intervals of these factors were shown to be statistically significant in their influence on dilation velocity. Classification based on the area under the curve showed that for the mild Glasgow coma scale, the dilation velocity threshold value was 1.2mm/s, with false probability rates of 0.1602 and 0.1902 and areas under the curve of 0.8380 and 0.8080 in the left and right eyes, respectively. For the moderate Glasgow coma scale, the dilation velocity was 1.1mm/s, with false probability rates of 0.1880 and 0.1940 and areas under the curve of 0.8120 and 0.8060 in the left and right eyes, respectively. Furthermore, for the severe Glasgow coma scale, the dilation velocity was 0.9mm/s, with false probability rates of 0.1980 and 0.2060 and areas under the curve of 0.8020 and 0.7940 in the left and right eyes, respectively. These values were different from the previous method of subjective description and from previously estimated normal dilation velocities. Conclusion: Slower dilation velocities were observed in patients with lower Glasgow coma scores, indicating that decreasing velocities may indicate a higher degree of neuronal injury.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao diagnóstico de morte encefálica / Prevalencia y factores asociados con el diagnóstico de muerte cerebral / Prevalence and factors associated with the diagnosis of brain death

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de morte encefálica e os fatores associados. Método: estudo transversal com dados dos registros de pacientes neurocríticos e potenciais doadores de órgãos entre 2018 e 2019, sendo analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e regressão logística multinomial multivariada. Resultados: a prevalência de morte encefálica nos pacientes acompanhados foi de 46,6%, predominando homens, adultos, com Traumatismo Cranioencefálico (44,3%) como causa da morte. Os fatores associados à morte encefálica foram: score da Escala de Coma de Glasgow (RRR=0,30; p=0,001), uso de droga vasoativa (RRR=7,55; p=0,000) e Acidente Vascular Cerebral Hemorrágico e Isquêmico (RRR=2,14; p=0,031). Conclusão: houve uma alta prevalência de morte encefálica. O uso de droga vasoativa, o score da Escala de Coma de Glasgow e os diagnósticos de Acidente Vascular Cerebral Hemorrágico e Isquêmico mostraram-se associados à evolução para o quadro.

Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of brain death and its associated factors. Method: cross-sectional study with data from the records of neurocritical patients and potential organ donors between 2018 and 2019, being analyzed by descriptive statistics and multivariate multinomial logistic regression. Results: the prevalence of brain death in followed-up patients was 46.6%, predominantly men, adults, with traumatic brain injury (44.3%) as cause of death. Factors associated with brain death were: Glasgow Coma Scale score (RRR=0.30; p=0.001), vasoactive drug use (RRR=7.55; p=0.000) and Hemorrhagic and Ischemic stroke (RRR=2.14; p=0.031). Conclusion: there was a high prevalence of brain death. The use of vasoactive drugs, the Glasgow Coma Scale score and the diagnoses of Hemorrhagic and Ischemic stroke were associated with the evolution to the condition.

Objetivo: evaluar la prevalencia de la muerte cerebral y sus factores asociados. Método: estudio transversal con datos de los registros de pacientes neurocríticos y potenciales donantes de órganos entre 2018 y 2019, siendo analizado por estadísticas descriptivas y regresión logística multivariada multinomial. Resultados: la prevalencia de la muerte cerebral en pacientes de seguimiento fue del 46,6%, predominantemente hombres, adultos, con lesión cerebral traumática (44,3%) como causa de muerte. Los factores asociados con la muerte cerebral fueron: la puntuación de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow (RRR-0,30; p-0,01), el consumo de drogas vasoactiva (RRR-7,55; p-0,000) y el accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico e isquémico (RRR-2,14; p-0,031). Conclusión: hubo una alta prevalencia de muerte cerebral. El uso de drogas vasoactivas, la puntuación de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow y los diagnósticos de accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico e isquémico se asociaron con la evolución a la afección.

Alterações estomatognáticas em paciente com trauma de face em um hospital de urgência e emergência / Stomatognatic changes in a patient with face trauma in an emergency and emergency hospital

Introdução: O trauma decorrente de causas externas é um problema de saúde em várias regiões do mundo. Além de altos índices de mortalidade e morbidade, os traumas de face resultam em impactos estéticos, estruturais e psicológicos na vida do indivíduo e na sociedade, gerando, também, um alto custo com gastos hospitalares. Objetivo: Relatar o caso de um paciente com trauma de face por acidente ciclístico, com alterações na funcionalidade do sistema estomatognático. Metodologia: Foi realizada avaliação fonoaudiológica por meio do Protocolo de Avaliação Preliminar (PAP), para observação do aspecto das estruturas orais, funções do sistema estomatognático, voz e reflexos protetivos de vias aéreas superiores. Na sequência, foi aplicado o Protocolo de Avaliação do Risco para Disfagia (PARD), para avaliação direta da deglutição. Resultados: Na avaliação dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios foi observado alterações de sensibilidade, mobilidade e redução significativa de força. Na avaliação direta da deglutição foi observada dificuldade na captação do alimento, escape anterior de alimento, elevação laríngea reduzida e múltiplas deglutições. Conclusão: O paciente foi classificado com Disfagia Orofaríngea leve a moderada, mantendo dieta via oral com consistência adaptada e orientação para continuidade de terapia fonoaudiológica. Devido ao alto número de casos semelhantes ao relatado nos hospitais de urgência e emergência, constata-se a necessidade de avaliação do sistema estomatognático para promover a melhor abordagem aos pacientes com trauma de face

Introduction: Trauma due to external causes is a health problem in several regions of the world. In addition to high rates of mortality and morbidity, facial traumas result in aesthetic, structural and psychological impacts on the individual's life and on society, also generating a high cost of hospital expenses. Objective: Report the case of a patient with facial trauma due to a cycling accident, with changes in the functionality of the stomatognathic system. Methodology: Speech therapy evaluation was carried out through the Preliminary Evaluation Protocol, to observe the appearance of oral structures, functions of the stomatognathic system, voice and protective reflexes of the upper airways. Then, the Risk Assessment Protocol for Dysphagia was applied, for direct swallowing assessment. Results: In the evaluation of Organs phonoarticulatory organs, changes in sensitivity, mobility and significant reduction in strength were observed. In the direct evaluation of swallowing, difficulty in capturing food, previous escape of food, reduced laryngeal elevation and multiple swallowing were observed. Conclusion: The patient was classified with Mild to Moderate Oropharyngeal Dysphagia, maintaining an oral diet with consistency adapted and guidance for continuing speech therapy. Due to the high number of cases similar to that reported in urgent and emergency hospitals, there is a need to evaluate the stomatognathic system to promote the best approach to patients with facial trauma.

Trauma Quality Indicators' usage limitations in severe trauma patients / Limitações do uso de filtros de qualidade para avaliação do atendimento em vítimas de trauma grave

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the relation between Trauma Quality Indicators (QI) and death, as well as clinical adverse events in severe trauma patients. Methods: analysis of data collected in the Trauma Register between 2014-2015, including patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 16, reviewing the QI: (F1) Acute subdural hematoma drainage > 4 hours with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <9; (F2) emergency room transference without definitive airway and GCS <9; (F3) Re-intubation within 48 hours; (F4) Admission-laparotomy time greater than 60 min in hemodynamically instable patients with abdominal bleeding; (F5) Unprogrammed reoperation; (F6) Laparotomy after 4 hours; (F7) Unfixed femur diaphyseal fracture; (F8) Non-operative treatment for abdominal gunshot; (F9) Admission-tibial exposure fracture treatment time > 6 hours; (F10) Surgery > 24 hours. T the chi-squared and Fisher tests were used to calculate statistical relevance, considering p<0.05 as relevant. Results: 127 patients were included, whose ISS ranged from 17 to 75 (28.8 + 11.5). There were adverse events in 80 cases (63%) and 29 died (22.8%). Twenty-six patients had some QI compromised (20.6%). From the 101 patients with no QI, 22% died, and 7 of 26 patients with compromised QI (26.9%) (p=0.595). From the patients with no compromised QI, 62% presented some adverse event. From the patients with any compromised QI, 18 (65.4%) had some adverse event on clinical evolution (p=0.751). Conclusion: the QI should not be used as death or adverse events predictors in severe trauma patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar relação entre comprometimento de Filtros de Qualidade (FQ) com complicações e mortalidade entre vítimas de trauma grave. Métodos: análise dos dados coletados para o Registro de Trauma entre 2014 e 2015, sendo incluídos os traumatizados com Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 16 e analisados os FQ: (F1) drenagem de Hematoma Subdural Agudo (HSA) > 4 horas com Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECG) <9, (F2) transferência da sala de emergência sem via aérea definitiva e com ECG<9, (F3) reintubação traqueal em até 48 horas, (F4) tempo entre admissão e laparotomia exploradora maior que 60 minutos em pacientes instáveis com foco abdominal, (F5) reoperação não programada, (F6) laparotomia > 4 horas, (F7) fratura de diáfise de fêmur não fixada, (F8) tratamento não operatório em Ferimento por Arma de Fogo (FAF) abdominal, (F9) tempo entre admissão e tratamento de fraturas expostas de tíbia > 6 horas, (F10) operação > 24 horas. Testes de Chi quadrado e Fisher para a análise estatística, considerando significativo p<0,05, foram usados. Resultado: foram incluídos 127 pacientes com ISS entre 17 a 75 (28,8 + 11,5). As complicações ocorreram em 80 casos (63%) e 29 morreram (22,8%). Vinte e seis pacientes apresentaram algum FQ comprometido (20,6%). Dos 101 doentes sem FQ comprometido, 22% faleceram, o que ocorreu em 7 dos 26 doentes com comprometimento dos FQ (26,9%) (p=0,595). Dos doentes sem FQ comprometido, 62% tiveram alguma complicação. Entre os pacientes com FQ comprometido, 18 (65,4%) tiveram complicações (p=0,751). Conclusão: os FQs não devem ser utilizados como preditor de mortes ou complicações evitáveis nas vítimas de traumas graves.

Gender differences in adult traumatic brain injury according to the Glasgow coma scale: A multicenter descriptive study / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Patients' gender, which can be one of the most important determinants of traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes, is also likely to interact with many other outcome variables of TBI. This multicenter descriptive study investigated gender differences in epidemiological, clinical, treatment, mortality, and variable characteristics in adult TBI patients.@*METHODS@#The selection criteria were defined as patients who had been diagnosed with TBI and were admitted to the hospital between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018. A total of 4468 adult TBI patients were enrolled at eight University Hospitals. Based on the list of enrolled patients, the medical records of the patients were reviewed and they were registered online at each hospital. The registered patients were classified into three groups according to the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score: mild (13-15), moderate (9-12), and severe (3-8), and the differences between men and women in each group were investigated. The risk factors of moderated and severe TBI compared to mild TBI were also investigated.@*RESULTS@#The study included 3075 men and 1393 women and the proportion of total males was 68.8%. Among all the TBI patients, there were significant differences between men and women in age, past history, and GCS score. While the mild and severe TBI groups showed significant differences in age, past history, and clinical symptoms, the moderate TBI group showed significant differences in age, past history, cause of justice, and diagnosis.@*CONCLUSION@#To the best of our knowledge, this multicenter study is the first to focus on gender differences of adult patients with TBI in Korea. This study shows significant differences between men and women in many aspects of adult TBI. Therefore, gender differences should be strongly considered in TBI studies.

Application of machine learning to predict the outcome of pediatric traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Traumatic brain injury (TBI) generally causes mortality and disability, particularly in children. Machine learning (ML) is a computer algorithm, applied as a clinical prediction tool. The present study aims to assess the predictability of ML for the functional outcomes of pediatric TBI.@*METHODS@#A retrospective cohort study was performed targeting children with TBI who were admitted to the trauma center of southern Thailand between January 2009 and July 2020. The patient was excluded if he/she (1) did not undergo a CT scan of the brain, (2) died within the first 24 h, (3) had unavailable complete medical records during admission, or (4) was unable to provide updated outcomes. Clinical and radiologic characteristics were collected such as vital signs, Glasgow coma scale score, and characteristics of intracranial injuries. The functional outcome was assessed using the King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury, which was thus dichotomized into favourable outcomes and unfavourable outcomes: good recovery and moderate disability were categorized as the former, whereas death, vegetative state, and severe disability were categorized as the latter. The prognostic factors were estimated using traditional binary logistic regression. By data splitting, 70% of data were used for training the ML models and the remaining 30% were used for testing the ML models. The supervised algorithms including support vector machines, neural networks, random forest, logistic regression, naive Bayes and k-nearest neighbor were performed for training of the ML models. Therefore, the ML models were tested for the predictive performances by the testing datasets.@*RESULTS@#There were 828 patients in the cohort. The median age was 72 months (interquartile range 104.7 months, range 2-179 months). Road traffic accident was the most common mechanism of injury, accounting for 68.7%. At hospital discharge, favourable outcomes were achieved in 97.0% of patients, while the mortality rate was 2.2%. Glasgow coma scale score, hypotension, pupillary light reflex, and subarachnoid haemorrhage were associated with TBI outcomes following traditional binary logistic regression; hence, the 4 prognostic factors were used for building ML models and testing performance. The support vector machine model had the best performance for predicting pediatric TBI outcomes: sensitivity 0.95, specificity 0.60, positive predicted value 0.99, negative predictive value 1.0; accuracy 0.94, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.78.@*CONCLUSION@#The ML algorithms of the present study have a high sensitivity; therefore they have the potential to be screening tools for predicting functional outcomes and counselling prognosis in general practice of pediatric TBIs.

Valor prognóstico das concentrações precoces de metaloproteinases -2 e -9 após traumatismo craniencefálico grave / Prognostic utility of early plasma matrix metalloproteinases -2 and -9 concentrations after severe traumatic brain injury

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar se os níveis plasmáticos das metaloproteinases de matriz -2 e -9 tem associação com a mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva em pacientes com trauma craniencefálico grave, independentemente de lesões não cerebrais associadas. Métodos: Esta coorte prospectiva incluiu 39 pacientes do sexo masculino com trauma craniencefálico grave (escore na escala de coma Glasgow na admissão hospitalar: 3 - 8). Os níveis plasmáticos das metaloproteinases -2 e -9 foram determinados por ELISA no momento da admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva. Resultados: O trauma craniencefálico grave apresentou mortalidade de 46% na unidade de terapia intensiva. Concentrações mais elevadas de metaloproteinase -9 apresentaram associação com a mortalidade: 147,94 ± 18,00ng/mL para pacientes que sobreviveram e 224,23 ± 23,86ng/mL para os que não sobreviveram (média ± erro padrão, respectivamente; p = 0,022). Todavia, não houve associação significativa entre os níveis de metaloproteinase -2 e a mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva: 315,68 ± 22,90ng/mL para o grupo de sobreviventes e 336,55 ± 24,29ng/mL entre os pacientes que não sobreviveram (p = 0,499). Além disso, não se observaram associações significativas entre os níveis de metaloproteinase -2 (p = 0,711) ou metaloproteinase -9 (p = 0,092) e a presença de lesões não cerebrais associadas. Conclusão: Em vítimas de traumatismo craniencefálico grave, níveis elevados de metaloproteinase -9 tiveram valor preditivo para o desfecho fatal na unidade de terapia intensiva independentemente da presença de lesões não cerebrais associadas. Por outro lado, no mesmo cenário, os níveis plasmáticos de metaloproteinase -2 não apresentaram associação com a mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva

Abstract Objective: To determine whether the matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 plasma levels were associated with intensive care unit mortality in patients who suffered severe traumatic brain injury, despite the presence of extracerebral injuries. Methods: This prospective cohort enrolled 39 male patients who suffered severe traumatic brain injury (Glasgow coma scale: 3 - 8 at hospital admission). The plasma matrix metalloproteinase -2 and matix metalloproteinase -9 levels were determined by ELISA at the time of intensive care unit admission. Results: Severe traumatic brain injury was associated with a 46% intensive care unit mortality rate. Higher plasma matrix metalloproteinase -9 concentrations were associated with mortality: 147.94 ± 18.00ng/mL for survivors and 224.23 ± 23.86ng/mL for nonsurvivors (mean ± standard error of the mean, p = 0.022). In contrast, there was no significant association between matrix metalloproteinase -2 levels and intensive care unit mortality: 315.68 ± 22.90ng/mL for survivors and 336.55 ± 24.29ng/mL for nonsurvivors (p = 0.499). Additionally, there were no significant associations between matrix metalloproteinase -2 (p = 0.711) and matrix metalloproteinase -9 (p = 0.092) levels and the presence of associated lesions. Conclusion: Increased plasma matrix metalloproteinase -9 levels were associated with intensive care unit mortality following severe traumatic brain injury, regardless of the presence of extracerebral injuries. Conversely, in this same context, plasma matrix metalloproteinase -2 levels were not associated with short-term fatal outcome prediction.

Microsurgical Cisternostomy for Treating Critical Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury - An alternative Therapeutic Approach

Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality around the world. Few advances regarding surgical approaches have been made in the past few years to improve its outcomes. Microsurgical cisternostomy is a well-established technique used in vascular and skull base surgery and recently emerges as a suitable procedure with lesser costs and morbidity when compared with decompressive craniectomy in patients with diffuse TBI. This study aims to describe the technique, indications, and limitations of cisternostomy and to compare it with decompressive craniectomy (DC). Methods A prospective study is being conducted after obtaining approval of the local human ethics research committee. Once the inclusion and exclusion criteria are applied, the patients are submitted to microsurgical cisternostomy, pre and postoperative neurological status and brain computed tomography (CT) evaluation. A detailed review was also performed, which discusses diffuse TBI, DC, and cisternostomy for the treatment of TBI. Results Two patients were submitted to cisternostomy after TBI and the presence of acute subdural hematoma and hugemidline shift at admission computed tomography. The surgery was authorized by the family (the informed consent form was signed). Both patients evolved with a good recovery after the procedure, and had a satisfactory control brain CT. No further surgeries were required after the initial cisternostomy. Conclusions Cisternostomy is an adequate technique for the treatment of selected patients affected by diffuse TBI, and it is a proper alternative to DC with lesser costs and morbidity, since a single neurosurgical procedure is performed. A prospective study is being conducted for a better evaluation and these were the initial cases of this new protocol.

Microsurgery of Cerebral Aneurysm: Epidemiological Profile

Objectives Intracranial aneurysm consists of localized dilatation of the vascular wall. Its importance includes the fearsome event of rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage, which presents high morbimortality rates. The present study aimed to analyze the profile and clinical outcome of patients submitted to the microsurgical approach of cerebral aneurysm in the city of Criciúma, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, from 2015 to 2018. Methods A retrospective observational study was performed, with secondary data collection and a quantitative approach of 47 charts. Results A predominance of females (74.5%) and amean age of 53 years old (53.53 9.64) was observed. The middle cerebral artery was the most affected vessel (36.2%), with the highest percentage of aneurysms being between 2.1mmand 7.0mm(65.9%). Therewas a correlation between consciousness level and classification on the Hunt-Hess (HH) scale. Patients with GlasgowComa Scale (GCS)> 7 points had a better prognostic score in the HH scale, and those with GCS 7 points had a worse prognostic score in the HH scale. Conclusions The present study observed the presence of important risk factors for cerebral aneurysm formation, such as gender, age, smoking, and systemic arterial hypertension. The present study can measure a correlation of the level of consciousness with the HH classification.

Intervención integral en el ictus / Comprehensive intervention in stroke

Introducción: se mantiene el debate sobre qué tipos de intervenciones para la recuperación del ictus ofrecen mejores resultados para el paciente. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de una intervención integral durante seis meses sobre la recuperación funcional en pacientes con ictus. Métodos: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 42 participantes con ictus: un grupo experimental (N = 22) con una media de edad de 52,68 años (DE = 14,39) que recibió una intervención integral, intensiva y multidisciplinar, y un grupo control (N = 20) con una media de edad de 56,20 años (DE = 14,82) que no recibió este tipo de intervención. Se valoraron los siguiente índices de severidad del ictus: Escala de Coma de Glasgow, Escala Canadiense, estancia en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, signos de enclavamiento uncal, signos de hipertensión endocraneal, volumen del hematoma/área isquémica, desplazamiento de línea media, necesidad de cirugía y tiempo total de hospitalización. Ambos grupos eran equivalentes en estos índices de gravedad. El grado de funcionalidad fue medido con la aplicación de la escala Functional Independence Measure and Functional Assessment Measure. Esta prueba se aplicó al inicio de la intervención y 6 meses después. Resultados: se observó una evolución positiva en ambos grupos en todas las áreas de la escala. La intervención integral y un menor tiempo total de hospitalización se relacionaron con una mejor recuperación funcional en el ictus. Conclusiones: se sugiere la necesidad de realizar estrategias de rehabilitación integral en los pacientes con ictus(AU)

Introduction: debate is currently underway about what types of stroke recovery interventions are more beneficial for patients. Objective: evaluate the effect of a six-month comprehensive intervention on the functional recovery of stroke patients. Methods: the study sample was 42 stroke patients: an experimental group (N = 22), mean age 52.68 years (SD = 14.39), who received a comprehensive intensive multidisciplinary intervention, and a control group (N = 20), mean age 56.20 years (SD = 14.82), who did not receive this type of intervention. The following stroke severity indices were applied: Glasgow Coma Scale, Canadian Scale, intensive care unit stay, uncal latching signs, endocranial hypertension signs, hematoma volume / ischemic area, midline displacement, need for surgery and total hospital stay time. These severity indices were similar in the two groups. Degree of functionality was gauged with the scales Functional Independence Measure and Functional Assessment Measure. This test was applied at the start of the intervention and 6 months later. Results: both groups had a positive evolution in all the areas of the scale. The comprehensive intervention and a shorter total hospital stay were associated to better functional recovery from stroke. Conclusions: the need is suggested to implement comprehensive rehabilitation strategies in stroke patients(AU)

La detección tardía del deterioro neurológico agudo incrementa la letalidad por trauma craneoencefálico / The delayed detection of an acute neurological worsening increases traumatic brain injury lethality

Introducción. El trauma craneoencefálico es una de las principales causas de muerte y discapacidad en adultos jóvenes. Su gravedad se define según la escala de coma de Glasgow. Sin embargo, el deterioro neurológico agudo no siempre concuerda con la gravedad inicial indicada por la escala, lo que implica una subestimación de la magnitud real de la lesión. Objetivo. Estudiar la correlación entre la gravedad inicial del trauma craneoencefálico según la escala de coma de Glasgow y la condición final del paciente, en el contexto de diferentes variables clínicas y de los hallazgos de la tomografía. Materiales y métodos. Se analizó una cohorte retrospectiva de 490 pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico cerrado que requirieron atención en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de dos centros de tercer nivel de Barranquilla. La estimación del riesgo se estableció con la razón de momios (odds ratio, OR) y un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 %. Se utilizó un alfa de 0,05 como nivel de significación. Resultados. El 41,0 % de los pacientes requirió intubación endotraqueal; el 51,2 % había presentado traumas inicialmente clasificados como moderados y, el 6,0 %, como leves. El retraso en la implementación de un tratamiento agresivo afectó principalmente a aquellos con trauma craneoencefálico moderado, en quienes la letalidad aumentó al 100 % cuando no se detectó a tiempo el deterioro neurológico y, por lo tanto, el tratamiento agresivo se demoró más de 4 a 8 horas. Por el contrario, la letalidad fue de menos de 20 % cuando se brindó el tratamiento agresivo en el curso de la primera hora después del trauma. Conclusiones. El riesgo de letalidad del trauma craneoencefálico aumentó cuando el deterioro neurológico se detectó tardíamente y el tratamiento agresivo se inició después de transcurrida la primera hora a partir del trauma.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury is a leading worldwide cause of death and disability in young people. Severity classification is based on the Glasgow Coma Scale. However, the neurological worsening in an acute setting does not always correspond to the initial severity suggesting an underestimation of the real magnitude of the injury. Objective: To study the correlation between the initial severity according to the Glasgow Coma Scale and the patient outcome in the context of different clinical and tomography variables. Materials and methods: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 490 patients with closed traumatic brain injury requiring a stay in the intensive care unit of two third-level hospitals in Barranquilla. The risk was estimated by calculating the OR (95% CI). The significance level was established at an alpha value of 0.05. Results: Forty-one percent of all patients required orotracheal intubation; 51.2% were initially classified with moderate trauma and 6,0% as mild. The delay in the aggressive management of the traumas affected mainly those patients with traumas classified as moderate in whom lethality increased to 100% when there was delay in the detection of the neurological worsening and in the establishment of the aggressive treatment beyond 4 to 8 hours while the lethality in patients who received this treatment within the first hour reduced to <20%. Conclusions: The risk of lethality in traumatic brain injury increases with the delayed detection of neurological worsening in an acute setting, especially when aggressive management is performed after the first hour post-trauma.

Events associated with the occurrence of intracranial hypertension in pediatric patients with severe cranioencephalic trauma and monitoring of intracranial pressure / Eventos associados à ocorrência de hipertensão intracraniana em pacientes pediátricos com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave e monitoração da pressão intracraniana

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the events associated with the occurrence of intracranial hypertension (ICH) in pediatric patients with severe cranioencephalic trauma. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of patients 18 years old and younger with cranioencephalic trauma, scores below nine on the Glasgow Coma Scale, and intracranial pressure monitoring. They were admitted between September, 2005 and March, 2014 into a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. ICH was defined as an episode of intracranial pressure above 20 mmHg for more than five minutes that needed treatment. Results: A total of 198 children and adolescents were included in the study, of which 70.2% were males and there was a median age of nine years old. ICH occurred in 135 (68.2%) patients and maximum intracranial pressure was 36.3 mmHg, with a median of 34 mmHg. A total of 133 (97.8%) patients with ICH received sedation and analgesia for treatment of the condition, 108 (79.4%) received neuromuscular blockers, 7 (5.2%) had cerebrospinal fluid drainage, 105 (77.2%) received mannitol, 96 (70.6%) received hyperventilation, 64 (47.1%) received 3% saline solution, 20 (14.7%) received barbiturates, and 43 (31.9%) underwent a decompressive craniectomy. The events associated with the occurrence of ICH were tomographic findings at the time of admission of diffuse or hemispheric swelling (edema plus engorgement). The odds ratio for ICH in patients with Marshall III (diffuse swelling) tomography was 14 (95%CI 2.8-113; p<0.003), and for those with Marshall IV (hemispherical swelling) was 24.9 (95%CI 2.4-676, p<0.018). Mortality was 22.2%. Conclusions: Pediatric patients with severe cranioencephalic trauma and tomographic alterations of Marshall III and IV presented a high chance of developing ICH.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar eventos associados à ocorrência de hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) em pacientes pediátricos com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave. Métodos: Trata-se de coorte prospectiva de pacientes de até 18 anos, com traumatismo cranioencefálico, pontuação abaixo de nove na Escala de Coma de Glasgow e monitoração da pressão intracraniana, admitidos entre setembro de 2005 e março de 2014 em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. A HIC foi definida como episódio de pressão intracraniana acima de 20 mmHg por mais de cinco minutos e com necessidade de tratamento. Resultados: Incluídas 198 crianças e adolescentes, 70,2% masculinos, mediana de idade de nove anos. A HIC ocorreu em 135 (68,2%) pacientes; valor máximo de pressão intracraniana de 36,3; mediana 34 mmHg. Receberam sedação e analgesia para tratamento da HIC 133 (97,8%) pacientes, 108 (79,4%) receberam bloqueadores neuromusculares, 7 (5,2%) drenagem de líquor, 105 (77,2%) manitol, 96 (70,6%) hiperventilação, 64 (47,1%) solução salina a 3%, 20 (14,7%) barbitúricos e 43 (31,9%) foram submetidos à craniectomia descompressiva. Os eventos associados à ocorrência de HIC foram os achados tomográficos à admissão de swelling (edema mais ingurgitamento) difuso ou hemisférico. A razão de chance para que pacientes com classificação tomográfica Marshall III (swelling difuso) apresentassem HIC foi 14 (IC95% 2,8-113; p<0,003) e para aqueles com Marshall IV (hemisférico) foi 24,9 (IC95% 2,4-676; p<0,018). A mortalidade foi de 22,2%. Conclusões: Pacientes pediátricos com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave e alterações tomográficas tipo Marshall III e IV apresentaram grande chance de desenvolver HIC.

Value of amplitude-integrated EEG combined with Full Outline of Unresponsiveness in evaluating the prognosis of children with disturbance of consciousness / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the value of amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG), Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in evaluating the prognosis of children with disturbance of consciousness in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).@*METHODS@#A total of 164 children with disturbance of consciousness who were admitted to the PICU of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University were enrolled as subjects. According to prognosis, they were divided into a poor prognosis group with 111 children and a good prognosis group with 53 children. The results of aEEG monitoring, FOUR score, and GCS score on days 1 and 5 of admission were collected. The association between evaluation methods and prognosis was analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the value of aEEG, FOUR, and GCS in predicting prognosis.@*RESULTS@#The children with no improvement or abnormal aggravation of aEEG on day 5 tended to have a poor prognosis. The results of aEEG was positively correlated with prognosis (r=0.689, P0.05), while aEEG combined with FOUR had an AUC of 0.945, which was significantly larger than that of each index alone (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Both aEEG and FOUR can be used as effective tools to predict the prognosis of children with disturbance of consciousness, and a combination of aEEG and FOUR can improve the predictive value.

Evolução clínica e sobrevida de pacientes neurocríticos / Evolución clínica y supervivencia de pacientes neurocríticos / Clinical evolution and survival of neurocritical patients

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a evolução clínica e sobrevida de pacientes neurocríticos em Unidades Hospitalares. Método Coorte com pacientes acompanhados no período de setembro de 2012 a junho de 2016, internados em hospitais públicos e privados. Os dados foram analisados inicialmente a partir da estatística descritiva e inferencial. Como forma de análise da sobrevida, foi aplicado o indicador de Kaplan-Meier. O modelo de regressão para riscos proporcionais de Cox foi empregado para a análise dos fatores prognósticos, calculando-se a razão de risco. Resultados Participaram do estudo 1.289 pacientes. Os que possuíam Escala de Coma de Glasgow com maior valor apresentaram maior sobrevida, e o incremento de um ponto no escore dessa Escala correspondeu a uma melhora de 42% em sua sobrevida. Na análise de sobrevida, o sexo e o uso de drogas vasoativas mostraram diferença significativa. Conclusão Pacientes do sexo feminino, que possuem melhor escore da Escala de Coma de Glasgow e em uso de drogas vasoativas apresentaram maior sobrevida.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evolución clínica y supervivencia de pacientes neurocríticos en Unidades Hospitalarias. Método Cohorte con pacientes seguidos en el período de septiembre de 2012 a junio de 2016, en estancia en hospitales públicos y privados. Los datos fueron analizados inicialmente mediante la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Como modo de análisis de la supervivencia, se aplicó el indicador de Kaplan-Meier. El modelo de regresión para riesgos proporcionales de Cox fue empleado para el análisis de los factores pronósticos, calculándose la razón de riesgo. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 1.289 pacientes. Los que tenían Escala de Coma de Glasgow con mayor valor presentaron mayor supervivencia, y el incremento de un punto en el score de dicha Escala correspondió a un mejora del 42% en su supervivencia. En el análisis de supervivencia, el sexo y el uso de drogas vasoactivas mostraron diferencia significativa. Conclusión Pacientes del sexo femenino que tienen mejor score de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow y en uso de drogas vasoactivas presentaron mayor supervivencia.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the clinical evolution and survival of neurocritical patients in Hospital Units. Method Cohort with hospitalized patients in follow-up treatment in public and private hospitals between September 2012 and June 2016. Data were initially analyzed from descriptive and inferential statistics. The Kaplan-Meier indicator was applied as a form of survival analysis. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the prognostic factors by calculating the hazard ratio. Results Participation of 1,289 patients in the study. Patients with a higher score on the Glasgow Coma Scale presented greater survival, and the one-point increase in the scale score corresponded to 42% improvement in their survival. In the analysis of survival, sex and the use of vasoactive drugs showed a significant difference. Conclusion Female patients with a better score on the Glasgow Coma Scale and using vasoactive drugs had higher survival rates.

Intoxicaciones exógenas por intentos suicidas en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Exogenous intoxications due to suicide attempts in an intensive care unit

Introducción: Las intoxicaciones exógenas agudas son tan antiguas como la humanidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con intoxicación exógena aguda atribuible a intento suicida. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de 26 pacientes con el citado diagnóstico, atendidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Orlando Pantoja Tamayo de Contramaestre, provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2017. Las variables analizadas fueron: grupos etarios, sexo, ocupación, tóxicos utilizados por estos pacientes, escala de Glasgow al ingreso, uso del carbón activado y tiempo de empleo, así como tipo de tratamiento. Resultados: En la serie prevalecieron los pacientes de 20-39 y 40-59 años de edad, así como los psicofármacos, seguidos por organofosforados, antiinflamatorios y antihistamínicos como los tóxicos más usados. En más de la mitad de los afectados la escala de Glasgow osciló entre 9 y 13 puntos. El lavado gástrico y el carbón activado fueron los métodos de desintoxicación más empleados. Conclusiones: Las intoxicaciones exógenas constituyen una verdadera urgencia médica, por tanto, es importante tener en cuenta el tiempo trascurrido entre el accidente y el tratamiento. Cuanto más precoz sea la intervención médica requerida, mejor será el pronóstico final de estos pacientes; por ello las acciones en el nivel primario de atención son determinantes.

Introduction: The acute exogenous intoxications are as old as humanity. Objective: To characterize the patients with acute exogenous intoxication attributable to suicide attempt. Method: A descriptive and retrospective study of 26 patients with this diagnosis, assisted in the Intensive Cares Unit of Orlando Pantoja Tamayo Teaching General Hospital in Contramaestre, Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January to December, 2017. The analyzed variables were: age groups, sex, occupation, toxics used by these patients, Glasgow scale at admission, use of charcoal and time of use, as well as type of treatment. Results: In the series the 20-39 and 40-59 years patients prevailed, as well as the psycho drugs, followed by organophosphorus compounds, anti-inflammatory and histamine antagonists as the most used toxics. In more than half of those affected patients the Glasgow scale oscillated between 9 and 13 points. The gastric lavage and charcoal were the most used detoxification methods. Conclusions: The exogenous intoxications constitute a true medical emergency, therefore, it is important to keep in mind the time between the accident and the treatment. The earlier the required medical intervention, the better will be the final prognosis of these patients; reason why the actions in the primary care level are determining.